Mubvunzo wekuti SARS-CoV-2 inonyanya kufambiswa nemadonhwe kana aerosols yanga ichipokana zvakanyanya.Takatsvaga kutsanangura gakava iri kuburikidza nekuongorora kwenhoroondo yekutapurirana kwekutsvaga mune zvimwe zvirwere.Kune yakawanda yenhoroondo yevanhu, paradigm inotonga yaive yekuti hosha zhinji dzaitakurwa nemhepo, kazhinji pamusoro pemadaro marefu uye nenzira yephantasmagorical.Iyi miasmatic paradigm yakapikiswa pakati pekupedzisira kwezana ramakore re19 nekukwira kweiyo dzidziso yehutachiona, uye sezvirwere zvakaita sekorera, puerperal fever, uye marariya zvakawanikwa zvichitapurirana nedzimwe nzira.Achikurudzirwa nemaonero ake pamusoro pekukosha kwekubata/kudonha utachiona, uye kuramba kwaakasangana nako kubva kune yasara pesvedzero yemiasma theory, ane mukurumbira wehutano hweveruzhinji Charles Chapin muna 1910 akabatsira kutanga shanduko yeparadigm yakabudirira, achifunga kutapurirana nendege zvisingaite.Iyi paradigm itsva yakava inotonga.Nekudaro, kushaikwa kwekunzwisisa kweaerosols kwakakonzera kukanganisa kwakarongeka mukududzirwa kweuchapupu hwekutsvaga panzira dzekutapurirana.Kwemakumi mashanu emakore akatevera, kutapurirana kwemhepo kwaionekwa sekusina basa kana kukosha kudiki kune ese hosha hosha dzekufema, kusvikira kuratidzwa kwemhepo kutapurira tuberculosis (iyo yaifungidzirwa zvisizvo kuti inopfuudzwa nemadonhwe) muna 1962. Kubata / kudonha paradigm yakaramba hune simba, uye zvirwere zvishoma chete zvakagamuchirwa zvakanyanya semhepo pamberi peCCIDID-19: izvo zvakatapurirwa zvakajeka kuvanhu vasiri mukamuri imwechete.Kukwidziridzwa kwetsvakiridzo yekudyidzana kwakafemerwa nedenda reCCIDID-19 kwakaratidza kuti kutapurirana nendege inzira huru yekutapurira chirwere ichi, uye inogona kuve yakakosha kune dzakawanda zvirwere zvinotapukira.
Zvinoshanda Zvinoreva
Kubva kutanga kwezana ramakore rechi20, kwave nekupokana kubvuma kuti zvirwere zvinotapurirana nemhepo, izvo zvainyanya kukuvadza panguva yeCOVID-19 denda.Chikonzero chikuru chekuramba uku chiri munhoroondo yekunzwisisa kwesainzi nezvekutapurirana kwechirwere: Kutapurirana nemhepo kwaifungidzirwa kuti kwainyanya munhoroondo yevanhu, asi pendulum yakanyura zvakanyanya mukutanga kwezana ramakore rechi20.Kwemakumi emakore, hapana chirwere chinokosha chaifungidzirwa kuva chemhepo.Nekujekesa nhoroondo iyi uye zvikanganiso zvakadzika midzi mairi zvichiripo, tinotarisira kufambisa kufambira mberi mune ino ndima mune ramangwana.
Denda reCCIDID-19 rakakurudzira gakava rakasimba pamusoro penzira dzekutapurirana kwehutachiona hweSARS-CoV-2, hunosanganisira nzira nhatu: Chekutanga, kukanganiswa kwe "sprayborne" madonhwe pameso, mumhino, kana muromo, izvo zvinodonha pasi. pedyo nemunhu ane utachiona.Chechipiri, nekubata, kungave nekusangana kwakananga nemunhu ane hutachiona, kana zvisina kunanga nekusangana nenzvimbo yakasvibiswa ("fomite") inoteverwa nekuzvipinza munata nekubata mukati memeso, mhino, kana muromo.Chechitatu, pakufemerwa kwemaaerosols, mamwe acho anogona kuramba akaturikwa mumhepo kwemaawa (“airborne transmission”).1,2
Masangano ehutano hweveruzhinji anosanganisira World Health Organisation (WHO) akatanga azivisa kuti hutachiona hwacho huchatapuriranwa mumadonhwe mahombe akawira pasi pedyo nemunhu aive nehutachiona, pamwe nekubata nzvimbo dzine utachiona.WHO yakazivisa zvakasimba munaKurume 28, 2020, kuti SARS-CoV-2 yakanga isiri mhepo (kunze kwekunge iri chaiyo "aerosol-inogadzira nzira dzekurapa") uye kuti "zvaive zvisirizvo" kutaura zvakasiyana.3Zano iri raipesana nerevesainzi vazhinji vakataura kuti kutapurirana nendege kungangove kwakakosha.eg Ref.4-9Nokufamba kwenguva, WHO zvishoma nezvishoma yakapfavisa chimiro ichi: kutanga, kubvuma kuti kutapurirana kwemhepo kwaibvira asi kusingabviri;10zvino, pasina tsananguro, kusimudzira basa rekufefetera muna Mbudzi 2020 kudzora kupararira kwehutachiona (iyo inongobatsira pakudzora hutachiona hwemhepo);11ipapo kuzivisa muna Kubvumbi 30, 2021, kuti kutapurirana kweSARS-CoV-2 kuburikidza neaerosols kwakakosha (asi usingashandisi izwi rekuti "airborne").12Kunyange zvazvo mumwe mukuru mukuru weWHO akabvuma mubvunzurudzo nevatori venhau panguva iyoyo kuti “chikonzero chatiri kusimudzira mhepo ndechokuti utachiona uhwu hunogona kufambiswa nemhepo,” vakataurawo kuti vakadzivisa kushandisa shoko rokuti “ndege.”13Pakupedzisira muna Zvita 2021, WHO yakagadziridza peji rimwe muwebhusaiti yayo kuti itaure zvakajeka kuti kufambisa kwemhepo kupfupi- uye kureba kwakakosha, ukuwo ichijekesa kuti "aerosol kutapurirana" uye "kutapurirana nendege" anoreva zvakafanana.14Nekudaro, kunze kweiyo peji rewebhu, tsananguro yehutachiona se "ndege" inoenderera mberi isipo zvachose kubva kuruzhinji WHO kutaurirana kubva munaKurume 2022.
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) muUnited States yakatevera nzira yakafanana: kutanga, ichitaura kukosha kwekutumira madonhwe;zvino, munaGunyana 2020, kutumira muchidimbu pawebhusaiti yayo kugamuchirwa kwekutapurirana nendege kwakatorwa pasi mazuva matatu gare gare;15uye pakupedzisira, muna Chivabvu 7, 2021, tichibvuma kuti inhalation yeaerosol yakakosha pakutapurirana.16Nekudaro, CDC yaiwanzoshandisa izwi rekuti "donhwe rekufema," rinowanzoenderana nemadonhwe makuru anowira pasi nekukurumidza.17kureva aerosols,18kugadzira kuvhiringika kukuru.19Hapana sangano rakasimbisa shanduko mumusangano wevatori venhau kana mishandirapamwe mikuru yekutaurirana.20Pakazosvika nguva yekubvumidzwa uku kushoma kwakaitwa nemasangano ese ari maviri, humbowo hwekutapurirana nendege hwakanga hwawanda, uye masayendisiti mazhinji uye vanachiremba vaitaura kuti kutapurirana nendege kwaisangova nzira yekutapurirana, asi pamwepredominantmode.21Muna Nyamavhuvhu 2021, CDC yakataura kuti kutapurirana kwedelta SARS-CoV-2 mutsauko kwakaswedera pedyo neiyo chickenpox, hutachiona hunonyanya kutapuriranwa nemhepo.22Musiyano weomicron wakabuda mukupera kwa2021 waitaridza kunge hutachiona huchikurumidza kupararira, uchiratidza huwandu hwepamusoro hwekubereka uye nguva pfupi yeserial.23
Kugashira kunonoka uye kwakashata kwehumbowo hwekufambiswa nendege kweSARS-CoV-2 nemasangano makuru ehutano hweveruzhinji kwakabatsira mukudzora denda iri, nepo mabhenefiti ekudzivirira kutapurirana kweaerosol ari kunyatsosimbiswa.24-26Kukurumidza kugamuchira humbowo uhwu kungadai kwakakurudzira nhungamiro inosiyanisa mitemo yemukati nekunze, kutarisa zvakanyanya kumabasa ekunze, kurudziro yekutanga yemasks, kuwedzera uye kwekutanga kusimbirira pane zvirinani mask fit uye sefa, pamwe nemitemo yekupfeka-masiki mukati kunyangwe kufambidzana munharaunda kunogona kuchengetedzwa, kufefetedza, uye kusefa.Kugamuchirwa kare kungadai kwakabvumira kukoshesa kukuru pamatanho aya, uye kuderedza nguva yakawandisa uye mari inoshandiswa pamatanho senge kuuraya hutachiona hwepasi uye lateral plexiglass zvipingamupinyi, izvo zvisingashande pakufambiswa kwemhepo uye, kana iri yekupedzisira, inogona kunge isingaite.29,30
Nei masangano aya ainonoka, uye nei pakanga paine kuramba kuchinje kwakawanda?Pepa rakapfuura rakafunga nezve nyaya yesainzi capital (zvido zvakapihwa) kubva pamaonero emagariro.31Kunzvenga mitengo ine chekuita nematanho anodiwa kudzora kutapurirana nendege, senge zvirinani zvekuzvidzivirira nazvo (PPE) zvevashandi vehutano.32uye kunatsiridza kufefetera33angave akaita basa.Vamwe vakatsanangura kunonoka maererano nemaonero enjodzi dzine chekuita neN95 respirators32izvo, zvisinei, zvakapokana34kana nekuda kwekutonga kwakashata kwematura ekukurumidzira zvichitungamira kushomeka kutanga kwedenda.eg Ref.35
Imwe tsananguro yekuwedzera isina kupihwa nemabhuku iwayo, asi inonyatsoenderana nezvavakawana, ndeyekuti kuzengurira kufunga kana kutora pfungwa yekufambiswa kweutachiona nemhepo, muchidimbu, nekuda kwekukanganisa kwekufungidzira kwakatangwa makore anopfuura zana apfuura. uye yakadzika midzi munharaunda yehutano hweveruzhinji nekudzivirira kutapukira: dzidziso yekuti kutapurirana kwezvirwere zvekufema kunokonzerwa nemadonhwe makuru, uye nekudaro, kuedza kuderedza madonhwe kungave kwakanaka zvakakwana.Aya masangano akaratidzawo kusada kugadzirisa kunyange pamberi peuchapupu, maererano nemagariro evanhu uye epistemological theories yekuti vanhu vanodzora masangano vanogona sei kuramba kuchinja, kunyanya kana zvichiita sechinotyisa kune nzvimbo yavo pachavo;mashandisiro anoita groupthink, kunyanya kana vanhu vachidzivirira pakatarisana nedambudziko rekunze;uye kuti shanduko yesainzi inogona kuitika sei kuburikidza nekuchinja kweparadigm, kunyangwe vadziviriri veparadigm yekare vanoramba kubvuma kuti imwe dzidziso ine tsigiro iri nani kubva kune humbowo huripo.36-38Nekudaro, kuti tinzwisise kuenderera kwechikanganiso ichi, takatsvaga kuongorora nhoroondo yayo, uye yekutapurirana kwechirwere chinofambiswa nemhepo zvakanyanya, uye kuratidza maitiro akakosha akaita kuti dzidziso yekudonhedza ive yakanyanya.
Inobva ku https://www.safetyandquality.gov.au/sub-brand/covid-19-icon
Nguva yekutumira: Sep-27-2022