Mubvunzo wekuti SARS-CoV-2 inonyanya kutapurirwa nemadonhwe kana maaerosols wave uchikakavadzana zvikuru here. Takatsvaga kutsanangura gakava iri kuburikidza nekuongorora kwenhoroondo yekutapurirana kwezvirwere mune zvimwe zvirwere. Kwenguva yakawanda yenhoroondo yevanhu, paradigm huru yaive yekuti zvirwere zvakawanda zvaitakurwa nemhepo, kazhinji padaro refu uye nenzira yekufungidzira. Paradigm iyi yemiasmatic yakapikiswa pakati pezana remakore rechi19 nekukura kwedzidziso yehutachiona, uye sezvo zvirwere zvakaita secholera, puerperal fever, uye malaria zvakaonekwa zvichitapurirana nedzimwe nzira. Achikurudzirwa nemaonero ake pamusoro pekukosha kwehutachiona hwekubatana/madonhwe, uye kuramba kwaakasangana nako kubva pakupesvedzera kwakasara kwedzidziso yemiasma, mukuru wehutano hweveruzhinji ane mukurumbira Charles Chapin muna 1910 akabatsira kutanga shanduko yeparadigm inobudirira, achiona kutapurirana nemhepo kusingawanzoitiki. Paradigm itsva iyi yakava huru. Zvisinei, kusanzwisisa maaerosols kwakaita kuti pave nekukanganisa kwakarongeka mukududzira humbowo hwekutsvagisa panzira dzekutapurirana. Kwemakumi mashanu emakore akatevera, kutapurirana nemhepo kwaionekwa sekusina basa kana kuti kushoma kune zvirwere zvikuru zvekufema, kusvika pakuratidzwa kwekutapurirana nemhepo kwechirwere cheTB (chaifungidzirwa zvisirizvo kuti chinotapurirana nemadonhwe) muna 1962. Kusangana/kudonhedza kwakaramba kuripo, uye zvirwere zvishoma chete ndizvo zvaigamuchirwa zvakanyanya sezviri mumhepo COVID-19 isati yasvika: izvo zvainyatsotapurirana kuvanhu vasiri mukamuri rimwe chete. Kukurumidzisa kwekutsvagisa kwemarudzi akasiyana-siyana kwakafuridzirwa nedenda reCOVID-19 kwakaratidza kuti kutapurirana nemhepo inzira huru yekutapurirana chirwere ichi, uye kungangove kwakakosha kune zvirwere zvakawanda zvekufema.
Migumisiro Inoshanda
Kubva pakutanga kwezana remakore rechi20, kwave nekuramba kugamuchira kuti zvirwere zvinotapurirana nemhepo, izvo zvainyanya kukuvadza panguva yedenda reCOVID-19. Chikonzero chikuru chekuramba uku chiri munhoroondo yekunzwisisa kwesainzi kutapurirana kwezvirwere: Kutapurirana nemhepo kwaifungidzirwa kuti ndiko kwainyanya kukosha munguva yakawanda yenhoroondo yevanhu, asi pendulum yakachinja zvakanyanya kutanga kwezana remakore rechi20. Kwemakumi emakore, hapana chirwere chakakosha chaifungidzirwa kuti chaive chinobhururuka nemhepo. Nekujekesa nhoroondo iyi uye zvikanganiso zvakavakirwa mairi zvichiripo, tinotarisira kubatsira kufambira mberi mundima iyi mune ramangwana.
Denda reCOVID-19 rakakonzera gakava guru pamusoro penzira dzekutapurirana kwehutachiona hweSARS-CoV-2, kusanganisira nzira nhatu: Chekutanga, kukanganiswa kwemadonhwe e "sprayborne" pamaziso, mhino, kana muromo, ayo anowira pasi pedyo nemunhu ane hutachiona. Chechipiri, nekubata, kungave nekubata zvakananga nemunhu ane hutachiona, kana zvisina kunanga nekubata nzvimbo ine hutachiona ("fomite") zvichiteverwa nekuzvibaya nekubata mukati memaziso, mhino, kana muromo. Chechitatu, kana munhu achifema maaerosols, mamwe acho anogona kuramba akarembera mumhepo kwemaawa ("airborne transmission").1,2
Masangano ezvehutano everuzhinji anosanganisira World Health Organization (WHO) pakutanga akazivisa kuti hutachiona hwacho hunotapuriranwa mumadonhwe makuru anowira pasi pedyo nemunhu ane hutachiona, pamwe nekubata nzvimbo dzine utachiona. WHO yakazivisa zvakasimba musi wa28 Kurume, 2020, kuti SARS-CoV-2 yakanga isiri mumhepo (kunze kwekunge paine "nzira dzekurapa dzinogadzira aerosol") uye kuti "mashoko enhema" kutaura zvakasiyana.3Zano iri rakapesana neremasayendisiti mazhinji akataura kuti kutapurirana nemhepo kwaigona kuve kwakakosha. semuenzaniso Ref.4-9Nekufamba kwenguva, WHO yakaderedza maonero aya zvishoma nezvishoma: chekutanga, ichibvuma kuti kutapurirana nemhepo kwaikwanisika asi zvisingaite;10ipapo, pasina tsananguro, kukurudzira basa rekufema muna Mbudzi 2020 kudzora kupararira kwehutachiona (izvo zvinongobatsira chete kudzora utachiona hunopinda mumhepo);11ndokuzozivisa musi wa30 Kubvumbi, 2021, kuti kutapurirana kweSARS-CoV-2 kuburikidza nemaaerosols kwakakosha (kunyangwe usingashandise izwi rekuti "airborne").12Kunyange hazvo mumwe mukuru weWHO akabvuma mubvunzurudzo nevatori venhau panguva iyoyo kuti "chikonzero chatiri kukurudzira kufefetera ndechekuti hutachiona uhu hunogona kunge huchibhururuka nemhepo," vakataurawo kuti vaidzivisa kushandisa izwi rekuti "airborne".13Pakupedzisira muna Zvita 2021, WHO yakagadzirisa peji rimwe chete muwebhusaiti yayo kuti inyatsotaura kuti kutapurirana kwehutachiona mumhepo kwenguva pfupi nerefu kwakakosha, ukuwo ichijekesawo kuti "kutapurirana kwehutachiona mumhepo" uye "kutapurirana kwehutachiona mumhepo" zvinoreva zvakafanana.14Zvisinei, kunze kwepeji rewebhu iroro, tsananguro yehutachiona se "inofambiswa nemhepo" ichiri kushaikwa zvachose mukutaurirana kweveruzhinji kweWHO kubva munaKurume 2022.
Nzvimbo dzeKudzora neKudzivirira Zvirwere (CDC) muUnited States dzakatevera nzira yakafanana: kutanga, dzichitaura kukosha kwekutapurirana kwemadonhwe; uye, munaGunyana 2020, dzakaisa pawebhusaiti yadzo kugamuchirwa kwekutapurirana nemhepo uko kwakabviswa mazuva matatu gare gare;15uye pakupedzisira, musi wa7 Chivabvu, 2021, vachibvuma kuti kufema neaerosol kwakakosha pakutapurirana kweropa.16Zvisinei, CDC yaigara ichishandisa izwi rekuti "respiratory droplet," iro rinowanzo batanidzwa nemadonhwe makuru anowira pasi nekukurumidza,17kureva maaerosols,18kugadzira kuvhiringidzika kukuru.19Hapana sangano rakaratidza shanduko dziri kuitika mumisangano yevatori venhau kana mushandirapamwe mukuru wekutaurirana.20Panguva iyo masangano ese ari maviri paakagamuchira kashoma kacho, humbowo hwekuti utachiona hwapararira nemhepo hwakanga hwawanda, uye masayendisiti mazhinji nevanachiremba vaitaura kuti hutachiona hwacho hwakanga husiri nzira yekutapurirana chete, asi pamwe ndiyo nzirazvakanyanyamaitiro.21Muna Nyamavhuvhu 2021, CDC yakataura kuti kutapurirana kwerudzi rwe delta SARS-CoV-2 kwakafanana nekwechickenpox, hutachiona hunotapuriranwa zvakanyanya mumhepo.22Mhando ye omicron yakabuda mukupera kwegore ra2021 yairatidzika kunge hutachiona hunopararira nekukurumidza zvikuru, huchiratidza huwandu hwakawanda hwekubereka uye hupfupi huchitevedzana.23
Kugamuchirwa zvishoma nezvishoma uye zvisina tsarukano kwehumbowo hwekutapurirana kweSARS-CoV-2 nendege nemasangano makuru ehutano hweveruzhinji kwakabatsira mukudzora denda zvisina kunaka, nepo mabhenefiti ekudzivirira kutapurirana kweaerosol ari kusimbiswa zvakanaka.24-26Kugamuchira humbowo uhwu nekukurumidza kwaizokurudzira nhungamiro dzaisiyanisa mitemo yemukati nekunze, kutarisisa zvakanyanya mabasa ekunze, kurudziro yekutanga yemamasiki, kusimbiswa kwakanyanya pakukwirira kwemasiki uye kusefa, pamwe nemitemo yekupfeka mamasiki mukati kunyangwe painenge paine daro, mhepo inofefetera, uye kusefa. Kugamuchirwa kwekutanga kwaizobvumira kusimbiswa kukuru pamatanho aya, uye kuderedza nguva yakawanda nemari inoshandiswa pamatanho akadai sekuuraya utachiona pamusoro pemvura uye zvipingamupinyi zve lateral plexiglass, izvo zvisingashande zvakanyanya pakupararira kwemhepo uye, kana zviri zvekupedzisira, zvinogona kutokanganisa.29,30
Sei masangano aya ainonoka kudaro, uye nei paiva nekuramba kukuru kuchinja? Pepa rakapfuura rakatarisa nyaya yemari yesainzi (zvido zvakapihwa) kubva pamaonero emagariro evanhu.31Kudzivirira mari inodiwa kudzora kutapurirana nemhepo, zvakaita sekushandisa michina yekudzivirira munhu (PPE) yevashandi vehutano.32uye mhepo inofefetera iri nani33Vamwe vakatsanangura kunonoka kwekuona njodzi dzine chekuita nekufema kweN9532izvo, zvisinei, zvakambokakavadzana34kana nekuda kwekusatarisirwa zvakanaka kwezviwanikwa zvepanguva yekukurumidza zvichikonzera kushomeka kwekutanga kwedenda. semuenzaniso Ref.35
Imwe tsananguro isina kupihwa nemabhuku iwayo, asi inoenderana nezvavakawana, ndeyekuti kuzeza kufunga kana kugamuchira pfungwa yekutapurirana kwezvirwere mumhepo, muchikamu, kwakakonzerwa nekukanganisa kwepfungwa kwakaunzwa makore anopfuura zana apfuura uye kwakadzika midzi muhutano hweveruzhinji nekudzivirira hutachiona: dzidziso yekuti kutapurirana kwezvirwere zvekufema kunokonzerwa nemadonhwe makuru, uye nekudaro, kuedza kuderedza madonhwe kwaizove kwakakwana. Masangano aya akaratidzawo kusada kugadzirisa kunyangwe paine humbowo, zvichienderana nedzidziso dzezvemagariro evanhu nedze epistemological dzekuti vanhu vanodzora masangano vanogona sei kuramba shanduko, kunyanya kana zvichiita sekunge zvichityisidzira chinzvimbo chavo; kuti boka revanhu rinogona kushanda sei, kunyanya kana vanhu vachidzivirira kana vakatarisana nedambudziko rekunze; uye kuti kushanduka kwesainzi kunogona kuitika sei kuburikidza nekuchinja kwemaonero, kunyangwe vadziviriri vepfungwa yekare vachiramba kugamuchira kuti dzidziso yeimwe nzira ine rutsigiro rwuri nani kubva kuhumbowo huripo.36-38Saka, kuti tinzwisise kuramba kuripo kwechikanganiso ichi, takatsvaga kuongorora nhoroondo yacho, uye kutapurirana kwezvirwere zvinobuda mumhepo zvakanyanya, uye kuratidza maitiro makuru akaita kuti dzidziso yemadonhwe eropa ive yakanyanya.
Inobva ku https://www.safetyandquality.gov.au/sub-brand/covid-19-icon
Nguva yekutumira: Gunyana-27-2022